#include <ctime>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <cassert>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <queue>
#include <stack>
#include <deque>
#include <set>
#include <map>
using namespace std;

typedef long long ll;
typedef double lf;
typedef long double Lf;
typedef pair <int,int> pii;
typedef pair <ll, ll> pll;

#define TRACE(x) cerr << #x << "  " << x << endl
#define FOR(i, a, b) for (int i = (a); i < int(b); i++)
#define REP(i, n) FOR(i, 0, n)
#define all(x) (x).begin(), (x).end()
#define _ << " " <<

#define fi first
#define sec second
#define mp make_pair

void solve() {
	int a, b;
	scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
	int pot = 1;
	ll sol = 0;

	while (pot < a) pot *= 2;

	if (pot > b) {
		printf("%lld\n",(ll)(b - a + 1) * (b - a + 2) / 2);
		return;
	}

	int l = pot - a;
	sol += (ll)l * (l + 1) / 2;
	int last = pot;
	if (pot * 2 > b) {
		sol += (ll)(b - pot + 1) * (b - pot + 2) / 2;
		printf("%lld\n",sol);
		return;
	}
	pot *= 2;
	while (pot <= b) {
		l = pot - last;
		sol += (ll)l * (l + 1) / 2;
		last = pot;
		pot *= 2;
	}

	sol += (ll)(b - last) * (b - last + 1) / 2;
	printf("%lld\n",sol);
}


int main() {
	int t;
	scanf("%d",&t);
	REP(i, t) solve();
	return 0;
}