#include<bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; typedef long long ll; ll cal(ll a, ll b){return (b - a + 1) * (a + b)/ 2ll;} int main(){ int te; cin >> te; while (te--){ int l, r; cin >> l >> r; l--; ll ans = 0; int tr = 29; while (!(r >> tr & 1)) tr--; int tl = 29; if (l == 0) tl = -1; else while (!(l >> tl & 1)) tl--; { int t = min(r - l, r - ((1<<tr) - 1)); ans += cal(1, t); r -= t; tr--; } if (l < r && l + 1 != (1<<tl+1)){ int t = ((1<<tl+1) - 1) - l; ans += cal(1, t); l += t; } while (tr > tl){ int t = 1<<tr; ans += cal(1, t); tr--; } cout << ans << "\n"; } return 0; }